Hypatia, Ancient Alexandria’s Great Female Scholar

An avowed paganist in a time of religious strife, Hypatia was also one of the first women to study math, astronomy and philosophy

  • By Sarah Zielinski
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On the streets of Alexandria, Egypt, a mob led by Peter the Lector brutally murdered Hypatia, one of the last great thinkers of ancient Alexandria. (Mary Evans Picture Library / Alamy)

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One day on the streets of Alexandria, Egypt, in the year 415 or 416, a mob of Christian zealots led by Peter the Lector accosted a woman’s carriage and dragged her from it and into a church, where they stripped her and beat her to death with roofing tiles. They then tore her body apart and burned it. Who was this woman and what was her crime? Hypatia was one of the last great thinkers of ancient Alexandria and one of the first women to study and teach mathematics, astronomy and philosophy. Though she is remembered more for her violent death, her dramatic life is a fascinating lens through which we may view the plight of science in an era of religious and sectarian conflict.

Founded by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C., the city of Alexandria quickly grew into a center of culture and learning for the ancient world. At its heart was the museum, a type of university, whose collection of more than a half-million scrolls was housed in the library of Alexandria.

Alexandria underwent a slow decline beginning in 48 B.C., when Julius Caesar conquered the city for Rome and accidentally burned down the library. (It was then rebuilt.) By 364, when the Roman Empire split and Alexandria became part of the eastern half, the city was beset by fighting among Christians, Jews and pagans. Further civil wars destroyed much of the library’s contents. The last remnants likely disappeared, along with the museum, in 391, when the archbishop Theophilus acted on orders from the Roman emperor to destroy all pagan temples. Theophilus tore down the temple of Serapis, which may have housed the last scrolls, and built a church on the site.

The last known member of the museum was the mathematician and astronomer Theon—Hypatia’s father.

Some of Theon’s writing has survived. His commentary (a copy of a classical work that incorporates explanatory notes) on Euclid’s Elements was the only known version of that cardinal work on geometry until the 19th century. But little is known about his and Hypatia’s family life. Even Hypatia’s date of birth is contested—scholars long held that she was born in 370 but modern historians believe 350 to be more likely. The identity of her mother is a complete mystery, and Hypatia may have had a brother, Epiphanius, though he may have been only Theon’s favorite pupil.

Theon taught mathematics and astronomy to his daughter, and she collaborated on some of his commentaries. It is thought that Book III of Theon’s version of Ptolemy’s Almagest—the treatise that established the Earth-centric model for the universe that wouldn’t be overturned until the time of Copernicus and Galileo—was actually the work of Hypatia.

She was a mathematician and astronomer in her own right, writing commentaries of her own and teaching a succession of students from her home. Letters from one of these students, Synesius, indicate that these lessons included how to design an astrolabe, a kind of portable astronomical calculator that would be used until the 19th century.

Beyond her father’s areas of expertise, Hypatia established herself as a philosopher in what is now known as the Neoplatonic school, a belief system in which everything emanates from the One. (Her student Synesius would become a bishop in the Christian church and incorporate Neoplatonic principles into the doctrine of the Trinity.) Her public lectures were popular and drew crowds. “Donning [the robe of a scholar], the lady made appearances around the center of the city, expounding in public to those willing to listen on Plato or Aristotle,” the philosopher Damascius wrote after her death.


One day on the streets of Alexandria, Egypt, in the year 415 or 416, a mob of Christian zealots led by Peter the Lector accosted a woman’s carriage and dragged her from it and into a church, where they stripped her and beat her to death with roofing tiles. They then tore her body apart and burned it. Who was this woman and what was her crime? Hypatia was one of the last great thinkers of ancient Alexandria and one of the first women to study and teach mathematics, astronomy and philosophy. Though she is remembered more for her violent death, her dramatic life is a fascinating lens through which we may view the plight of science in an era of religious and sectarian conflict.

Founded by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C., the city of Alexandria quickly grew into a center of culture and learning for the ancient world. At its heart was the museum, a type of university, whose collection of more than a half-million scrolls was housed in the library of Alexandria.

Alexandria underwent a slow decline beginning in 48 B.C., when Julius Caesar conquered the city for Rome and accidentally burned down the library. (It was then rebuilt.) By 364, when the Roman Empire split and Alexandria became part of the eastern half, the city was beset by fighting among Christians, Jews and pagans. Further civil wars destroyed much of the library’s contents. The last remnants likely disappeared, along with the museum, in 391, when the archbishop Theophilus acted on orders from the Roman emperor to destroy all pagan temples. Theophilus tore down the temple of Serapis, which may have housed the last scrolls, and built a church on the site.

The last known member of the museum was the mathematician and astronomer Theon—Hypatia’s father.

Some of Theon’s writing has survived. His commentary (a copy of a classical work that incorporates explanatory notes) on Euclid’s Elements was the only known version of that cardinal work on geometry until the 19th century. But little is known about his and Hypatia’s family life. Even Hypatia’s date of birth is contested—scholars long held that she was born in 370 but modern historians believe 350 to be more likely. The identity of her mother is a complete mystery, and Hypatia may have had a brother, Epiphanius, though he may have been only Theon’s favorite pupil.

Theon taught mathematics and astronomy to his daughter, and she collaborated on some of his commentaries. It is thought that Book III of Theon’s version of Ptolemy’s Almagest—the treatise that established the Earth-centric model for the universe that wouldn’t be overturned until the time of Copernicus and Galileo—was actually the work of Hypatia.

She was a mathematician and astronomer in her own right, writing commentaries of her own and teaching a succession of students from her home. Letters from one of these students, Synesius, indicate that these lessons included how to design an astrolabe, a kind of portable astronomical calculator that would be used until the 19th century.

Beyond her father’s areas of expertise, Hypatia established herself as a philosopher in what is now known as the Neoplatonic school, a belief system in which everything emanates from the One. (Her student Synesius would become a bishop in the Christian church and incorporate Neoplatonic principles into the doctrine of the Trinity.) Her public lectures were popular and drew crowds. “Donning [the robe of a scholar], the lady made appearances around the center of the city, expounding in public to those willing to listen on Plato or Aristotle,” the philosopher Damascius wrote after her death.

Hypatia never married and likely led a celibate life, which possibly was in keeping with Plato’s ideas on the abolition of the family system. The Suda lexicon, a 10th-century encyclopedia of the Mediterranean world, describes her as being “exceedingly beautiful and fair of form. . . in speech articulate and logical, in her actions prudent and public-spirited, and the rest of the city gave her suitable welcome and accorded her special respect.”

Her admirers included Alexandria’s governor, Orestes. Her association with him would eventually lead to her death.

Theophilus, the archbishop who destroyed the last of Alexandria’s great Library, was succeeded in 412 by his nephew, Cyril, who continued his uncle’s tradition of hostilities toward other faiths. (One of his first actions was to close and plunder the churches belonging to the Novatian Christian sect.)

With Cyril the head of the main religious body of the city and Orestes in charge of the civil government, a fight began over who controlled Alexandria. Orestes was a Christian, but he did not want to cede power to the church. The struggle for power reached its peak following a massacre of Christians by Jewish extremists, when Cyril led a crowd that expelled all Jews from the city and looted their homes and temples. Orestes protested to the Roman government in Constantinople. When Orestes refused Cyril’s attempts at reconciliation, Cyril’s monks tried unsuccessfully to assassinate him.

Hypatia, however, was an easier target. She was a pagan who publicly spoke about a non-Christian philosophy, Neoplatonism, and she was less likely to be protected by guards than the now-prepared Orestes. A rumor spread that she was preventing Orestes and Cyril from settling their differences. From there, Peter the Lector and his mob took action and Hypatia met her tragic end.

Cyril’s role in Hypatia’s death has never been clear. “Those whose affiliations lead them to venerate his memory exonerate him; anticlericals and their ilk delight in condemning the man,” Michael Deakin wrote in his 2007 book Hypatia of Alexandria.

Meanwhile, Hypatia has become a symbol for feminists, a martyr to pagans and atheists and a character in fiction. Voltaire used her to condemn the church and religion. The English clergyman Charles Kingsley made her the subject of a mid-Victorian romance. And she is the heroine, played by Rachel Weisz, in the Spanish movie Agora, which will be released later this year in the United States. The film tells the fictional story of Hypatia as she struggles to save the library from Christian zealots.

Neither paganism nor scholarship died in Alexandria with Hypatia, but they certainly took a blow. “Almost alone, virtually the last academic, she stood for intellectual values, for rigorous mathematics, ascetic Neoplatonism, the crucial role of the mind, and the voice of temperance and moderation in civic life,” Deakin wrote. She may have been a victim of religious fanaticism, but Hypatia remains an inspiration even in modern times.


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Comments (16)

This is amusingly cool!

Posted by rev. jp nelson-brown on April 3,2013 | 01:01 PM

so glad Neo-Plaonism survived!!!

Posted by Elizabeth Lockwood on February 4,2013 | 12:17 AM

was she properly baried there is no ancient account of her being baried or a funeral was there anything of her left.

Posted by mhk on July 3,2012 | 06:01 AM

I saw the movie, Agora, before I read Wiki. What a rotten time of intolerance. The christians, the jews, the intellectuals--God meets the thinkers. What a true testimony of relgious behavior--kill and destroy. I was relieved to find that there were copies of many of these ancient books in other libraries and in homes. We probably did not lose that much knowledge because of fires and intolerance. But, still, we lost something, and I don't think that we have any clearer picture of God regardless of these murderous, intolerant "God" promoters.

Posted by jRoger Miller on November 27,2011 | 01:23 PM

I didn't know about Hypatia and many other remarkable women scholars of World History until a few years ago when I actually started looking for them in the internet. How many school and college students know about the women philosophers who taught Pythagoras, Socrates and Plato? See my article below.
http://archive.icommons.org/article_print/the-invisible-women-of-science-and-technology

Posted by Susmita Barua on November 6,2011 | 10:16 PM

Hypatia's life and eventual demise, as well as the riches in knowledge lost in the library in Alexandria, adds punctuation to what the world has lost and will continue to lose as a result of intolerance. I can only be grateful that in today's society, intolerance exists, but is no longer the norm; as it was from not long AD until perhaps the end of the 19th century. Though I have long known about the knowledge lost in Alexandria, I have only recently learned of the wonderful philosophic life and tragic end of Hypatia.

Posted by Michael on June 29,2011 | 08:15 AM

i have found this to be such an interesting story going through life so much is never known the search for knowledge and history are so important

as to this story i go with the words of Buki

Posted by lou paschall on May 30,2011 | 04:10 PM

What is she best known for?

Posted by wesley on April 29,2011 | 11:54 AM

Her philosophy and research aside, Hypatia was a victim of politics. Alexandria was a political powderkeg as Jews, Christians and Pagans found that fanaticism, regardless of the source, destroys reason. Hypatia died because men decided that her influence on Orestes was unacceptable.

If anything, her demise has given her research recognition, and to any who look into the politics of the region at the time of her murder, that religion should never be allowed to be part of any government, nor should it have any way of influencing government.

Posted by Tyler on April 11,2011 | 04:32 PM

I don't mean to be critical but there's been a lot speculation regarding the University/Library of Alexandria and Hypatia. Particularly, why was she attacked and who did it? Who burned the library/university of Alexandria? I know that article provides answers but are these answers backed by evidence? If so what distinguishes these answers as the correct answers.

Posted by Deepa Puthran on April 1,2011 | 12:41 AM

this helps alot

Posted by tiffany on January 5,2011 | 02:52 PM

I find this article insulting in that she was not one of the first, just the most famous of women scholars in history. She didn't learn in a vacuum and was not an anomoly.

Posted by Karen on April 10,2010 | 10:50 PM

Hypatia and her dad missed out on the really accurate ancient geometry (meaning earth measure) performed by the old kingdom Egyptians, manifested in the astronomically derived dimensions, with royal cubits, for the Great Pyramid of Giza, see article #2 at IceAgeCivilizations.com.

Posted by James I. Nienhuis on March 23,2010 | 01:34 PM

More about Hypatia, including the famous 'sanitary towel' incident, at my blog: Hypatia Hits the Big Screen
http://judithweingarten.blogspot.com/2009/10/hypatia-hits-big-screen.html

Posted by judith weingarten on March 16,2010 | 11:04 AM

What a terrible way to die; what a beatiful life.
Guess religion ends up doing the exact opposite of its avowed mission.
Intolerance will kill the earth, sad.

Posted by Buki on March 16,2010 | 10:27 AM

This is SO cool! I had no idea that there was a woman philosopher!

Posted by Kayla on March 15,2010 | 07:41 PM



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