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A bamboo grove

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  • Science & Nature

Bamboo Steps Up

An ancient plant becomes a new sensation

  • By Cathie Gandel
  • Smithsonian.com, March 21, 2008

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    When producer Lesley Chilcott accepted the Oscar in 2007 for best documentary, "An Inconvenient Truth," it was perhaps fitting that she was wearing a dress made from bamboo. Yes, bamboo.

    "Bamboo is not what we in the United States have imagined it to be," says Jackie Heinricher, owner of Boo-Shoot Gardens, a nursery in Mount Vernon, 60 miles north of Seattle. In 1880 Thomas Edison may have used a carbonized bamboo filament in the first light bulb—still burning in the Smithsonian—but for years bamboo was denigrated as the "poor man's timber," relegated to cheap lawn furniture and chintzy restaurant décor.

    Today, influenced by its availability, low cost, versatility and eco-friendly credentials, the Western world is taking a fresh look at bamboo. You might say that bamboo has had a career change. "It has become the material of choice for fashions, flooring, skateboards, bicycles and buildings."

    Not bad accomplishments for grass. Because that's what bamboo is: giant grass, a member of the Poaceae family. With over 1,000 species, bamboo ranges from feathery ground covers to tall timbers over 100 feet. It has two root systems. Runners stretch exuberantly-- and make the home gardener crazy. Clumpers spread more slowly. It grows in temperate and tropical climates, and can be found at sea level and on mountaintops 13,000 feet high. Bamboo is self-sustaining. Its extensive root system sends up new shoots annually, so it doesn't need to be replanted.

    Bamboo is also the fastest growing plant on the planet. (Giant kelp comes in second.) One waist-high bamboo plant grew 42 inches in 24 hours. So instead of taking centuries to mature, like hardwood trees, bamboo reaches a useful height in three to five years. Bamboo can also be harvested selectively and manually, without leaving denuded swathes of land behind. (Most of the exported bamboo comes from forests in China with India a distant second.)

    Its short growth cycle and sustainability are why architects and environmentalists are looking at bamboo as a replacement for timber. "Bamboo has the same utility as hardwood," says Daniel Smith, president of San Francisco-based Smith & Fong Plyboo, producers of bamboo flooring, plywood and paneling, "and costs about the same as grade A red oak." Some are using bamboo for more than flooring. Colombian architect Simon Velez recently created the largest bamboo structure ever built: the Nomadic Museum in Mexico City.

    Bamboo's environmental report card keeps getting A's. It can be grown without chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Its net-like root system prevents erosion on steep surfaces and makes a bamboo grove a safe haven in an earthquake. It can detoxify wastewater, thanks to its high nitrogen consumption. It sequesters four times as much carbon as hardwood trees, and generates up to 35 percent more oxygen.

    All these "green" qualities are causing people to jump on the bamboo bandwagon, but there are some caveats. While bamboo itself may be "green," many of the methods used to take the raw material from grove to marketplace are not. Cloth from bamboo is soft as silk and more absorbent than cotton, but the fibers are made in a rayon-like process that uses chemicals and solvents. Formaldehyde is used in the making of plywood. "People say they want bamboo flooring in their whole house," says Nancy Moore Bess, Arts & Crafts Coordinator of the American Bamboo Society and herself an artist who works with bamboo. "Not all bamboo floors are the same. Consumers should check that the product is made responsibly." And shipping the raw material from Asia to the U.S. adds to global warming.

    1 2

    When producer Lesley Chilcott accepted the Oscar in 2007 for best documentary, "An Inconvenient Truth," it was perhaps fitting that she was wearing a dress made from bamboo. Yes, bamboo.

    "Bamboo is not what we in the United States have imagined it to be," says Jackie Heinricher, owner of Boo-Shoot Gardens, a nursery in Mount Vernon, 60 miles north of Seattle. In 1880 Thomas Edison may have used a carbonized bamboo filament in the first light bulb—still burning in the Smithsonian—but for years bamboo was denigrated as the "poor man's timber," relegated to cheap lawn furniture and chintzy restaurant décor.

    Today, influenced by its availability, low cost, versatility and eco-friendly credentials, the Western world is taking a fresh look at bamboo. You might say that bamboo has had a career change. "It has become the material of choice for fashions, flooring, skateboards, bicycles and buildings."

    Not bad accomplishments for grass. Because that's what bamboo is: giant grass, a member of the Poaceae family. With over 1,000 species, bamboo ranges from feathery ground covers to tall timbers over 100 feet. It has two root systems. Runners stretch exuberantly-- and make the home gardener crazy. Clumpers spread more slowly. It grows in temperate and tropical climates, and can be found at sea level and on mountaintops 13,000 feet high. Bamboo is self-sustaining. Its extensive root system sends up new shoots annually, so it doesn't need to be replanted.

    Bamboo is also the fastest growing plant on the planet. (Giant kelp comes in second.) One waist-high bamboo plant grew 42 inches in 24 hours. So instead of taking centuries to mature, like hardwood trees, bamboo reaches a useful height in three to five years. Bamboo can also be harvested selectively and manually, without leaving denuded swathes of land behind. (Most of the exported bamboo comes from forests in China with India a distant second.)

    Its short growth cycle and sustainability are why architects and environmentalists are looking at bamboo as a replacement for timber. "Bamboo has the same utility as hardwood," says Daniel Smith, president of San Francisco-based Smith & Fong Plyboo, producers of bamboo flooring, plywood and paneling, "and costs about the same as grade A red oak." Some are using bamboo for more than flooring. Colombian architect Simon Velez recently created the largest bamboo structure ever built: the Nomadic Museum in Mexico City.

    Bamboo's environmental report card keeps getting A's. It can be grown without chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Its net-like root system prevents erosion on steep surfaces and makes a bamboo grove a safe haven in an earthquake. It can detoxify wastewater, thanks to its high nitrogen consumption. It sequesters four times as much carbon as hardwood trees, and generates up to 35 percent more oxygen.

    All these "green" qualities are causing people to jump on the bamboo bandwagon, but there are some caveats. While bamboo itself may be "green," many of the methods used to take the raw material from grove to marketplace are not. Cloth from bamboo is soft as silk and more absorbent than cotton, but the fibers are made in a rayon-like process that uses chemicals and solvents. Formaldehyde is used in the making of plywood. "People say they want bamboo flooring in their whole house," says Nancy Moore Bess, Arts & Crafts Coordinator of the American Bamboo Society and herself an artist who works with bamboo. "Not all bamboo floors are the same. Consumers should check that the product is made responsibly." And shipping the raw material from Asia to the U.S. adds to global warming.

    "But we don't have to do that," says Boo-Shoots' Heinricher. "We could actually be farming it ourselves." Propagation from seed is not viable because bamboo flowers only once every 60 to 100 years. For eight years, Heinricher and her partner, Randy Burr, have been perfecting a method of tissue culture that produces reliable plants in large quantities. It takes about a month for the tiny sliver of bamboo placed in a nutrient soup to become dozens of plants. To date her clients have been nurseries but "we're getting some interest from Asia," she says.

    Given that bamboo is native to every continent except Europe and Antarctica, groups like the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) are looking for ways to use bamboo to create sustainable economies on a local level. Californian bike-builder Craig Calfee has already started a project. Last year Calfee, with support from the Earth Institute at Columbia University, initiated the Bamboo Bike Project. In March he returned from a second visit to Ghana where he helped Ghanaians build the first fully functional bamboo bike made in Africa by Africans. The hope is that eventually villagers will be able to sell these bikes to each other and even to tourists. "People want some economic benefit from bamboo so they won't have to illegally cut bigger trees to sell to the lumber market, Calfee says. Villagers were also impressed with the strength of the bike: a rider was able to deliver two 110 pound bags of cement to a man building a house.

    "Bamboo is the most egalitarian crop around," says Adam Turtle, co-owner of Tennessee-based Earth Advocates Research Farm. Asian cultures have incorporated bamboo into their daily lives for millennia. "Most traditional bamboo working communities have a huge range of bamboo products, from the knife to cut a baby's umbilical cord, to the stretcher that carries him when he passes on," says Rebecca Reubens, coordinator of INBAR's Global Marketing Initiative.

    Will bamboo become such an integral part of Western culture? "Bamboo is not a trend; it is here to stay," says Plyboo's Smith. "It's going to continue to affect every aspect of a wide range of people's lives."


     
    Comments

    Thank you for posting this article on renewed interest in bamboo as an eco-friendly material. I especially appreciate the information near the end of the article, warning us to be conscious of how the bamboo is processed. Whether buying a lovely silk-like dress or a bamboo breadboard, make sure the manufacturer uses safe, non-caustic materials to extract fibers or glue the pieces together. For more information on bamboo, your readers may be interested in my Squidoo lens, That's bamboo? Wow!.

    Posted by graceonline on March 25,2008 | 11:46PM

    I grew up in S. Jacksonville, Fla and a robust stand of bamboo existed just up from the St. Johns River. As kids we loved to make pea shooters out of it and other delicate wood like things. Will rely on the scientists to tell us its myriad domestic uses. Hope there are many...its pretty.

    Posted by Bob Perkins on March 26,2008 | 01:10PM

    I have a friend with a family plot of land that is just sitting growing up to seed. Would this be a lucrative venture in America.

    Posted by Are there bamboo farms in the USA on March 26,2008 | 01:32PM

    Bamboo has some great qualities, but is it sound ecologically to promote the planting of non-native species given the major problem with invasives - at least in the United States? The fast growing nature of bamboo and its adaptibility are exactly the type of characterstics that will allow it to compete very well with natives.

    Posted by Diane Husic on March 26,2008 | 02:49PM

    Surely we can grow bamboo in U.S. Atleast in more temperate climate areas. If processing for certain uses adds to global warming, does it do so less, maybe, than producing the material it's to replace in a given application ? There's almost nothing we manufacture that doesn't add to global warming. Of course the sun adds a lot to global warming, but we do need the sun, you know, for growing food, grass, trees and all the green plants that take in Carbon dioxide and put oxygen back into the air.

    Posted by Bert Snyder on March 26,2008 | 04:01PM

    It's beautiful IF contained. The best way I have seen is to surround it with a cement barrier that goes deeper than the roots can go. If you get a spreading type, you are sure to have neighbor issues. Containers are one answer to the problem.

    Posted by Mark Heinze on March 26,2008 | 07:00PM

    It sounds like much more work is needed to properly evaluate bamboo for building- is it "green" overall or not?. And it sounds like we need to begin to grow more bamboo in the U.S.

    Posted by Stan Scholl on March 26,2008 | 07:34PM

    My son bought bamboo flooring last year. The formaldehyde odor was so strong they had to take it back. The company replaced it with Bamboo that was NOT FROM CHINA.

    Posted by Ray Wallace on March 27,2008 | 09:50AM

    I love bamboo! It grows in my yard. I grew up making fishing poles out of it. I recently purchased some bamboo roving and spun it into yarn on my spinning wheel and knitted a lovely shiny top out of it using knitting needles made from bamboo. I'm glad to see it becoming more popular. Grasses are more sustainable than trees and grows so much faster. The runners do make you crazy, but they do mow off if you catch them early enough.

    Posted by EllenCeleste on March 27,2008 | 10:29AM

    I love my bamboo socks...they're soft, warm and seem to wash well...LMW

    Posted by lois m. winstead on March 27,2008 | 10:58AM

    http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/11/supergreen_boards.php has an article on eco-friendly bamboo skate boards.

    Posted by Lainey Sainte-Marie on March 27,2008 | 11:37AM

    Is the climate of the mountain area in New Mexico condusive to growing bamboo?

    Posted by Rose Wandel on March 27,2008 | 12:44PM

    Nancy Moore Bess says: "Consumers should check that the product is made responsibly." Ok, mind telling us how to do that? I've read similar non-specific advice on several websites, but there's no way for consumers to prove manufacturer's claims, assuming the manufacturer even makes such a claim. Interpretations of of "responsibly" vary widely but there's no single definitive source of information for would-be conscientious consumers.

    Posted by tinyhands on March 27,2008 | 01:04PM

    The article implied that bamboo is somehow superior and more environmentally sensitive than North America's own native woods--red oak, maple, birch, pine, etc. The temperate forests of North America produce, on a sustainable basis, beautiful, durable, and most of all, locally produced wood products. The United States has over 80,000 certified tree farms that are managed by dedicated landowners with a long-term plan for their forests. In New Hampshire, most harvests (for forest management) are done on a selective and sustainable basis; the work is accomplished by trained loggers and licensed foresters. Much of the wood is sawn locally by companies which provide stable jobs and support rural economies. Bamboo simply does not compare!

    Posted by Sarah S. Smith on March 27,2008 | 01:04PM

    Is the bamboo that's grown in the United States the same bamboo that the panda bears eat? Because it completely dies out every so many years.

    Posted by Pat Whitehall on March 28,2008 | 05:06PM

    I lived in Florida for 20 years and I had a clump of bamboo in my front yard And as one lady mentioned mowing kept it confined. I now live in Arkansas and the weather here is mild. Would bamboo survive here and if so where could I get a start?

    Posted by Clinton Oak on March 28,2008 | 05:39PM

    I have linnen made of bamboo. I LOVE it! It is SO soft and silky. Absolutely fantastic. Highly recommend

    Posted by Halena on March 28,2008 | 08:29PM

    Who knows where you'll find bamboo. Recently i made a pair of socks for my sister and was very surprised to find the yarn was a combination of wool and bamboo!! she says the socks are warm and comfortable.

    Posted by marie duggan on March 29,2008 | 05:36AM

    The article mention the "green" qualities of bamboo in that i"it can detoxify wastewater, thanks to its high nitrogen consumption. It sequesters four times as much carbon as hardwood trees, and generates up to 35 percent more oxygen" Wouldn't these qualities of Bamboo be useful along riverbanks or estuaries where pollution is affecting water quality? Even though it is a non-native species, it benefits to the environment offsets the non-native aspect. Even with Global Warming, many ecosystems are going to experience a disruption as non-native species begin to colonize the new ecological niches that the changing climate has created.

    Posted by Jerry M. Weikle on March 29,2008 | 12:49PM

    S.S.Smith's comment is so relevant,and succinctly states why bamboo and native wood are not really comparable. Bamboo is a versatile & beautiful material, and sure grows quickly, but it's not" greener " than oak, or maple, etc., when it is highly processed into substitute products.

    Posted by Paul Daley on March 30,2008 | 06:07AM

    There are many mis conceptions about bamboo. I thought this article addresses some of them very well. Bamboo is a very hardy plant and if you plant it outside, it should be in a pot or it will eventually become your yard. I sell Bamboo flooring for commercial and residential use, and it is as hard as red oak, and cheaper. The man whose son had a formaldehide smell was due to his poor shopping and shoddy research. There are many brabds of Bamboo that are now made without it at all. The newer factories in China are capturing the chemicals instead of dupmping them into a river. These bamboo boards look just like wood, install like wood, and with a standard 7 layers of polyurethane on better Bamboo, it will wear better than most wood floors. It doesn't react to moisture the way that wood does, making it ideal for a lower level, or basement. Do your own research people...... Have a Green Day !

    Posted by Randy O on March 30,2008 | 07:33AM

    Great article! Just like everything printed in Smithsonian! It's great to know that we can save our trees and protect the environment, and still have needed lumber. For now, I have been growing some for its lovely, graceful foliage, IN A POT.

    Posted by mary ann rambeau on March 31,2008 | 03:21PM

    I have a friend in NC who has been tearing her hair out for years because the bamboo that keeps coming back in her yard is just the most tenacious of weeds to her. Is there any market for her "cash crop" that I can forward to her? She is unable to work and sure could use the income. Thanks for the interesting and informative article!

    Posted by Laurie on April 4,2008 | 05:48AM

    this bamboo kind of thing is very interesting to me thats mostly all about it!

    Posted by katelyn on April 13,2008 | 06:10AM

    There is an American Bamboo Society, which would probably be able to answer many of the questions asked within these postings. http://www.americanbamboo.org/

    Posted by Ginna Greenbaum on April 25,2008 | 06:08PM

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