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It's a safe bet that Robert Frank had never seen a denim-clad black couple on a Harley-Davidson before he came to the United States. Such a sight, like many others the 32-year-old Swiss émigré photographed in the mid-1950s for his quietly earthshaking book The Americans, would have been a novelty to a European, and indeed to many Americans at the time.
No doubt what caught Frank's eye was the chance to frame in a single composition three elements—blue jeans, people of color and a Harley—that still symbolize this country for much of the fascinated world.
Motorcycles and racial divisions are among the motifs that help to unify The Americans, along with jukeboxes, crosses, televisions, luncheonettes, cowboy hats, fedoras, cigars, highways, the old and the young, lonely offices, huge automobiles, run-down parks, blowhard politicians and American flags.
Frank observed all of these things during years of cross-country wanderings, funded partly by the Guggenheim Foundation. He had stated on his 1955 grant application that the project would be driven by "what one naturalized American finds to see in the United States that signifies the kind of civilization born here and spreading elsewhere."
Frank, who celebrates his 84th birthday this year and who long ago moved on to making films, videos and images that combine photographs with text, arrived on these shores in 1947 in search of artistic freedom. Trained as a photographer in Switzerland, he once said he knew after World War II that his future lay elsewhere: Switzerland "was too closed, too small for me."
Europeans who venture to America often focus their cameras on the gulf between our ideals and a grimmer reality, between rich and poor, black and white. Although such differences were all too visible in '50s America, Frank did not take cheap shots at his adopted land. He never acted the shocked foreigner or wide-eyed innocent.
Instead, his complicated feelings about the country were expressed so obliquely that the book remains as open to interpretation today as when it first appeared 50 years ago. Published in Paris in 1958 and New York the following year, it was denounced by many critics at the time as a sneak attack on Americans' general view of themselves as happy and harmonious. But as the book's downbeat style has been absorbed and widely imitated over the years, Frank's detractors have retreated.
Indianapolis, 1956 exemplifies the photographer's craftiness. The place and date are of little help in unraveling the picture's meaning. The photograph presents an unsmiling pair of motorcyclists at night in a Middle American city. They are staring intently at something between them and the photographer. A crowd of spectators gazes more randomly around the scene.
A more conventional photographer might have waited for the couple to look up at the camera. (Magazine editors like direct engagements between subject and reader.) Frank doesn't give us that satisfaction. He lets the bikers and the crowd float on parallel planes in a murky light. There is neither confrontation nor resolution. What the couple is staring at we are not permitted to know.
This photograph is nonetheless loaded with provocative symbolism. In the 1950s, motorcycling meant defiance of authority. In The Wild One (1953), among the first in a string of violent biker movies, a girl in a bar asks the leader of a fearful motorcycle gang, played by a leather-clad Marlon Brando, "What are you rebelling against?"
"Whaddya got?" he replies.
In the '50s, a photograph of black people on a Harley-Davidson even had political implications; it hinted at the failed promises that the civil rights movement would try to redress. It captures the nation's contradictions: the couple has yet to experience the freedom the motorcycle represents. You want rebellion? Here are some people with good reasons to defy authority.
John Szarkowski, the late director of the Museum of Modern Art's photography collection, wrote in 1989 that "the more distressing new quality in Frank's pictures was their equivocating indirection, their reluctance to state clearly and simply either their subject or their moral."
The ambiguity of Indianapolis, 1956 is underscored by its place as the next-to-last photograph in the book. As the penultimate image, we feel it must be important—a summarizing statement that gathers together the themes from the previous pages. But like so many of Frank's images, it is just another sharp-edged piece to a vast puzzle we may never quite put together.
Richard B. Woodward, a New York arts critic, often writes about photography.
Comments
The Indianapolis Star had a feature article on the history of this photograph, not too many months ago, tracking down the 2 people on the motorcycle (husband and wife), the event in which the photograph was taken along with their motorcycle background, and tracing the couple's lives since the photograph. The interview, and current picture of the wife, should still be available on http://www.indy.com/posts/9183. Thanks for this article.
Posted by steve on October 26,2008 | 10:37 AM
The Wild One? FEARFUL motorcycle gang? I think NOT!! The word is fearsome; to inspire fear as opposed to having fear. Other than that, super article sure brings back memories
Posted by Janet on November 5,2008 | 07:00 PM
fear⋅ful /ˈfɪərfəl/ Show Spelled Pronunciation [feer-fuhl] –adjective 1. causing or apt to cause fear; frightening: a fearful apparition
Posted by Matt on November 7,2008 | 10:02 AM
That picture speaks volumes, I just can't tell what it's saying. What I can say is, it moved me. Being an African American born 5 years after that picture was taken, I can say it tells me that we have always been a beautiful race, able to provoke thought without saying a word, or giving attention to what others think we should (as in acknowledging the presence of the cameraman). Maybe the defience was to look away from him, as we we had been overlooked for so long. Whatever the case I say to that lovely couple from so long ago, "ride on, ride free!"
Posted by Peppi P. Davidson on November 24,2008 | 03:17 AM
here are working links to articles about the couple:
http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080626/LOCAL18/806260433/1195/LOCAL18
http://theonlinephotographer.typepad.com/the_online_photographer/2008/06/mack-and-t.html
Posted by doug on February 21,2009 | 09:48 PM
What is it that this couple is staring at on the ground?
The man's visible leg is straight, indicating that at least one foot is not on a floorboard or footpeg of the motorcycle.
Very likely the motorcycle is being manuevered backwards, and safety conscious riders would scan the ground to ensure firm footing. A piece of paper, debris or a slick area on the ground could result in lost foot traction, leading to a tipped over motorcycle.
Many of us riders have learned this lesson the hard way.
A plausible, but rather mundane explanation.
Posted by Michael Duffy on January 18,2010 | 11:43 AM