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Vuvuzela: The Buzz of the World Cup

Deafening to fans, broadcasters and players, the ubiquitous plastic horn is closely tied to South Africa’s soccer tradition

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  • By Jim Morrison
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Vuvuzela in South Africa
Love it or hate it, the vuvuzela is the voice of South African soccer fans and will be on display at the 2010 World Cup. (Jon Hrusa / epa / Corbis)

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Players taking to the pitch for the World Cup games in South Africa may want to pack some extra equipment in addition to shinguards, cleats and jerseys: earplugs.

The earplugs will protect against the aural assault of vuvuzelas. The plastic horns are a South African cultural phenomenon that that when played by hundreds or thousands of fans, sounds like a giant, angry swarm of hornets amplified to a volume that would make Ozzy Osbourne flinch. South African fans play the horns to spur their favorite players into action on the field.

“It’s really loud,” says John Nauright, professor of sports management at George Mason University and the author of “Long Run to Freedom: Sport, Cultures and Identities in South Africa.” “You can walk around with a pretty massive headache if you’re not wearing earplugs.”

A study in the South African Medical Journal released earlier this year said fans subjected to the vuvuzela swarm were exposed to a deafening peak of more than 140 decibels, equivalent to standing near a jet engine. The South African Association of Audiologists has warned they can damage hearing.

Noisemakers at soccer matches have a long history. Drums and chants are favored in countries like Brazil, where one of the popular teams has about two dozen distinct chants or anthems. Wooden rattles began making a racket at British soccer games in the early 1900s, a tradition that continued until the 1960s when fans began to chant and sing instead. Now there are dozens of new songs and chants seemingly every week. Some are adaptations of popular songs or old hymns. Some are profane taunts of their opponents.

Thundersticks emerged in Korea in the 1990s and provided the booming background for the 2002 World Cup in that country. (Thundersticks also made a brief appearance in the United States, most notably during the Anaheim Angels’ playoff run during the 2002 Major League Baseball postseason.)

In South Africa over the past decade, the plastic horns have become an integral part of the choreography at matches and the culture of the sport. When South Africa won its bid to host the World Cup in May 2004, Nelson Mandela and others celebrated with vuvuzelas. More than 20,000 were sold that day. It’s not just loud, but cheap (they cost about $7), and it has become ubiquitous at South African soccer matches. The official marketing company for the horns says it has received orders for more than 600,000 in recent months.

“This is our voice,” Chris Massah Malawai told a South African newspaper earlier this year while watching the national team, Bafana Bafana (The Boys, The Boys), play. “We sing through it. It makes me feel the game.”

After the 2009 Confederations Cup soccer matches in South Africa, FIFA, the governing body for the World Cup, received complaints from multiple European broadcasters and a few coaches and players who wanted the vuvuzela banned. Fans on both sides argued heatedly on soccer blogs and web sites. Facebook pages both to ban the instruments and support them sprang up. One opponent in a South African newspaper suggested opening the World Cup with a vuvuzela bonfire. Others staunchly defended their beloved instruments. “The vuvuzela is in our blood and is proudly South African,” one wrote in a Facebook discussion. “They should leave us alone. It’s like banning the Brazilians from doing the samba.”


Players taking to the pitch for the World Cup games in South Africa may want to pack some extra equipment in addition to shinguards, cleats and jerseys: earplugs.

The earplugs will protect against the aural assault of vuvuzelas. The plastic horns are a South African cultural phenomenon that that when played by hundreds or thousands of fans, sounds like a giant, angry swarm of hornets amplified to a volume that would make Ozzy Osbourne flinch. South African fans play the horns to spur their favorite players into action on the field.

“It’s really loud,” says John Nauright, professor of sports management at George Mason University and the author of “Long Run to Freedom: Sport, Cultures and Identities in South Africa.” “You can walk around with a pretty massive headache if you’re not wearing earplugs.”

A study in the South African Medical Journal released earlier this year said fans subjected to the vuvuzela swarm were exposed to a deafening peak of more than 140 decibels, equivalent to standing near a jet engine. The South African Association of Audiologists has warned they can damage hearing.

Noisemakers at soccer matches have a long history. Drums and chants are favored in countries like Brazil, where one of the popular teams has about two dozen distinct chants or anthems. Wooden rattles began making a racket at British soccer games in the early 1900s, a tradition that continued until the 1960s when fans began to chant and sing instead. Now there are dozens of new songs and chants seemingly every week. Some are adaptations of popular songs or old hymns. Some are profane taunts of their opponents.

Thundersticks emerged in Korea in the 1990s and provided the booming background for the 2002 World Cup in that country. (Thundersticks also made a brief appearance in the United States, most notably during the Anaheim Angels’ playoff run during the 2002 Major League Baseball postseason.)

In South Africa over the past decade, the plastic horns have become an integral part of the choreography at matches and the culture of the sport. When South Africa won its bid to host the World Cup in May 2004, Nelson Mandela and others celebrated with vuvuzelas. More than 20,000 were sold that day. It’s not just loud, but cheap (they cost about $7), and it has become ubiquitous at South African soccer matches. The official marketing company for the horns says it has received orders for more than 600,000 in recent months.

“This is our voice,” Chris Massah Malawai told a South African newspaper earlier this year while watching the national team, Bafana Bafana (The Boys, The Boys), play. “We sing through it. It makes me feel the game.”

After the 2009 Confederations Cup soccer matches in South Africa, FIFA, the governing body for the World Cup, received complaints from multiple European broadcasters and a few coaches and players who wanted the vuvuzela banned. Fans on both sides argued heatedly on soccer blogs and web sites. Facebook pages both to ban the instruments and support them sprang up. One opponent in a South African newspaper suggested opening the World Cup with a vuvuzela bonfire. Others staunchly defended their beloved instruments. “The vuvuzela is in our blood and is proudly South African,” one wrote in a Facebook discussion. “They should leave us alone. It’s like banning the Brazilians from doing the samba.”

During a friendly match between South Africa and Colombia two weeks before the World Cup, officials tested noise levels at the 90,000-seat Soccer City Stadium in Johannesburg and announced there would be no ban.

The horns, FIFA officials said, were too much a part of the South African tradition to silence them. “It’s a local sound, and I don’t know how it is possible to stop it,” Joseph S. Blatter, FIFA’s president, told reporters. “I always said that when we go to South Africa, it is Africa. It’s not Western Europe. It’s noisy, it’s energy, rhythm, music, dance, drums. This is Africa. We have to adapt a little.”

The horn began showing up at matches in Soweto in the 1990s between the Kaizer Chiefs and the Orlando Pirates, rivals and the two most popular South African teams. Kaizer Motaung, a South African who played in the North American Soccer League in the mid-1970s, founded the Chiefs and began promoting the horn. The vuvuzela was introduced at their games in the 1990s with gold horns for Chiefs’ fans and black or white for Pirates’ fans.

“The [two teams] have a huge following all over the country,” Nauright says. “In fact, that game is probably still more watched than the Bafana Bafana, when the national team plays.”

Playing the horns to encourage teams to the attack became part of the culture, a way for fans to express themselves, much the way South American soccer fans drum during games. “There is a grass roots organic culture out of the townships using soccer as a way to be creative in a society that oppressed people on a daily basis,” Nauright says.

In Cape Town, a music educator, Pedro Espi-Sanchis, created a vuvuzela orchestra in 2006 that plays regularly at matches of the Bloemfontein Celtic club. Some of the songs are set to dancing and singing. “For guys who know how to play it really well, you have a technique, almost like a didgeridoo. You use the tongue to make different sounds,” Nauright says.

The origin of the vuvuzela is murky. Nauright explains that some people have promoted it as a modern incarnation of the traditional kudu horn used to call villagers to gatherings. But he also says horns were used in Cape Town and Johannesburg to call customers to fish carts. Early versions were made of aluminum or tin. It wasn’t until a manufacturer, Masincedane Sport, received a grant in 2001 to supply soccer stadiums with plastic horns that it exploded in popularity.

Now, they’re inescapable. The only other country where horns are heard so extensively at soccer matches is Mexico. And guess what? South Africa and Mexico meet in the World Cup opener.

“It’s sure to be the loudest match at the World Cup,” Nauright says.


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Comments (25)

Even though the noise is irritating but it is Africa's World Cup.Let them enjoy it.To ban it or not to ban it,we should look for the bad sides and good sides.

Posted by Fiona Santiago on August 19,2010 | 09:42 AM

The noise is awful~But still acceptable~

Posted by Summer on July 9,2010 | 12:24 AM

I'm not sure if the vuvuzela's sound is less now (than at the start of the games) or I'm just getting use to them... but I "almost" like it now. At least now I don't feel like my ears are going to bleed.

Posted by Frankie Salvaggio on June 26,2010 | 07:04 AM

Culture!!! Perhaps refer to a dictionary.

My arse has more culture than any plastic horn and is capable of more than one note!

Posted by Dave on June 18,2010 | 06:31 PM

The vuvuzela is being utilized by the CIA to test mind control on a massive scale. The messages being transmitted are subliminal and coded deep within the ubiquitous drone. I was watching Brazil v. North Korea when I discovered the key to unlocking the code. First: turn up the volume on your TV until the the hairs on the back of your arm stand up. Next: close your eyes to block out any exterior distractions and focus your complete attention on the buzzing cacophony until all other noise is excluded (including the commentators). Tap your foot to a slow but steady 4 count and gradually speed up. If done correctly the secret instructions will form an identifiable prosodic contour - in this case four simple syllables. The test message being broadcast throughout every match in the tournament (thus far) is: watch/ more/ base/ ball.

I believe that the government is exploiting this opportunity to test the vuvuzela as a possible masking agent in concert with more advanced mind control technology. Proof of the experiment's efficacy may lie in the fact that after 10 minutes I experienced an irresistible compulsion to switch channels and watch baseball - interleague baseball!

NEXT: Is FIFA the unwitting dupe of the CIA/MLB/ESPN triad and how much does Obama know?

Posted by Zmansf on June 18,2010 | 02:40 PM

No one, especially me, wants to offend South African culture. I'm thrilled they were chosen to host the World Cup, but I feel that FIFA has let them down in many ways.

I think there was guidance needed regarding the vuvuzelas. Maybe FIFA didn't realize how thousands of the horns would sound inside a stadium, and rightfully defended the cultural right to use them. The horns have been especially awful on American television as ESPN does not seem to have filtered them any. European and the BBC stations have done this fairly successfully. In essence, the horns have had a much larger impact on viewers everywhere than FIFA ever thought.

Of course, it is too late to ban them in the stadiums. Backtracking on the decision would be demeaning to the people who feel the horns are their football culture. If FIFA and Sepp Blatter care as much about the overall culture of football as they do about making money, some type of diplomatic solution would have worked for everyone.

South Africans are some of the most graceful people I've ever met. Their elegance in the face of the Uruguay match red card was symbolic of that grace to me, and while there is still a cry to be heard in South Africa, I honestly don't think they want the vuvuzela to be what people around the world remember.

Posted by SackSepp on June 17,2010 | 08:22 PM

The vuvuzelas and those choosing to play them could have been a perfectly fine part of the world cup crowd. This is if certain conditions were met.
A)They were played only during KEY parts of the game. Goals, great near goals, great saves by the keeper. Give their use meaning.
B) Try to be musical with them. Unless "Constant buzzing noise in the key of B" is some award winning song, try to make it a musical experience. Or at least try to stick with A.

It's a great musical culture. Dancing, singing, chanting, so why are the people of SA downplaying that for these plastic horns that seem to be annoying most of the world cup watching world? Show us your tradition and culture and in turn enjoy the rest of the worlds. Its why they're in your stadiums.

Posted by Ryan on June 17,2010 | 08:15 PM

All I'm hearing is a bunch of sore losers prattling on.

Posted by El Culturebug on June 15,2010 | 01:20 AM

South African tradition, really? We had them in the American midwest in the early 1970s. I call B.S. on this "tradition" claim.

Posted by Tom on June 15,2010 | 04:01 PM

The there is a time and place for everything. The constant buzzing is so annoying I have not be able to enjoy a single game for more than a few moments. It's a shame this sort of firestorm has started over what should be a matter of common courtesy. Why not start and end the game with the blowing of the horns? Why the need to shove the constant barrage of noise on all of us all during the game?

Posted by Julianne on June 15,2010 | 03:57 PM

I like Vuvuzelas http://audioblog.arteradio.com//esprit-des-lieux/frontUser.do?method=getPost&postId=3042373&blogName=esprit-des-lieux

Posted by georges castagné on June 15,2010 | 01:18 PM

Vuvuzelas are not 'REALLY' a South African tradition or part of their culture. This is not something that has passed down from the elders or through the generations... it is only about 15 years old.

It is as much of their culture as swinging a rally towel is in the United States. As much of a tradition as having a foam #1 finger or blowing an air horn. Boo-hoo.

FIFA and South Africa are trying to make this a successful World's Cup. This has to be done through experience for the people in the stands and, as important, a HUGE world viewing audience.

Unfortunately, you cannot turn off the horns and still listen to what the announcers are saying on TV. Maybe the broadcasters could do that, but it still negatively affects the teams, refs and other NON-vuvuzela fans in the stands.

Banning the horns would allow for normal fan participation... yelling, cheering, booing, chanting, singing, stomping... but no, it is the constant drone of waaaahhhhhhh...

I am watching less games than I had planned because I cannot stand that constant drone.

Ole, ole, ole, ole...

Posted by Tom on June 15,2010 | 01:07 PM

Empty cans make the most noise.

Posted by Herc on June 14,2010 | 01:53 PM

African music, dance and beautiful bright clothing are wonderful. And I am all for the cultural aspects of the vuvuzela. Unfortunately, I find the buzzing sound so irritating that I don't like to watch the games. And soccer is so cool. I've never been fond of the sounds of an American football game either.

Posted by Karen on June 14,2010 | 07:28 AM

Frankly does anyone really care what the commentators think? After all it’s the fans sitting at the park that give the game its zeal and spark and to sequester the fans into quiet bear cubs as if they were watching a civilized rendition of opera is to miss the point that soccer has always been a working class man’s game

http://scallywagandvagabond.com/2010/06/world-cup-soccer-dont-forget-to-blow-your-vuvuzelas-too/

Posted by Pete on June 13,2010 | 08:26 PM

I am good with the tradition and all that but with todays tech world you would think we could filter that buzzing out enough that wew can hear the game announcers.

Posted by Doodad on June 13,2010 | 12:41 PM

KEEP THE MICROPHONES THAT ARE PICKING UP THAT SOUND TURNED OFF.

Posted by JACKJACK on June 13,2010 | 09:49 AM

I'm now just sitting down to my third 2010 world cup game, and traditional or not I think the descriptif is "Racket". It's taking the pleasure out of watching the match, sounds like a hornet in a tin and is weary to the ears....I wonder if the television people will manage to filter it out?

Sorry for moaning but it will need masochisme to watch the rest of the matches...

:(

Posted by Thomas ALLISON on June 12,2010 | 08:48 AM

@Philiani Nongogo : I understand that the VUVUZELA is part of your tradition and culure, but you guys should understand that it is not part of ours. It has been proved that the sound of the VUVUZELAS can reach 140 decibels, and that is very dangerous for the human hearing. Me as many many others don't see the sound of the vuvuzelas as a sound of support for your own team because you guys are blowing it on each game, even when your team is not playing. It is very annoying have that noise on the background even when you watch the TV or listening to the radio. I THINK VUVUZELAS should be banned from inside the stadium.

Posted by Giuliano on June 12,2010 | 08:27 AM

I hear and see mostly soccer fans complaining about the irritating 'vuvuzela drone', but I really think it's fantastic. All the time while watching yesterday's opening match on French tv I kept hoping that the commenters would shut up for a while, so I could listen :-) ... How I wish that, like the FIFA, I could come up with the means to realize a piece for a stadium filled with tens of thousands of vuvuzela players!

HS, Paris - http://soundblog.net

Posted by Harold Schellinx on June 12,2010 | 03:23 AM

Now it has started and it's a bug, there are a couple of petitions online to ban the vuvuzela from the World Cup. Here's one:
http://www.petitiononline.com/2010WC/petition.html

Posted by Capello Fabio on June 11,2010 | 06:28 PM

We all respect local traditions and solitary horn, even a few of them clustered together, from place to place does no harm. But tens of thousands of people blowing them endlessly throughout every single game all World Cup long has nothing to do with "South African tradition" or with "urging their team on to attack," as the typically bubble-headed liberal media types insist on putting it. Citizens of the region have the rest of the year, and the rest of the years when there's no World Cup in South Africa, to "respect tradition" in this manner. No, at this point it is really just about, "We're going to blow these horns endlessly and there's not a thing you can do about it."

A more intelligent approach might be, "We want the World Cup to continue being held here because the spectacle brings a ton of desperately-needed money into our economy. We're not going to allow some fans to create a deafening distraction that ruins the event not only for others in the stands who are subjected to the equivalent of a jet engine, but for the billions who would like to enjoy the event on TV worldwide. We're banning the stupid horns in the stadium and if anyone is violently opposed, they can stay out."

Can you hear me now? (I mean, over the horns?)

Posted by Millard Fillmore on June 11,2010 | 06:07 PM

i will be watching very few games the noise of the horns is too much it distracts from the game.

Posted by john blair on June 11,2010 | 02:56 PM

Today, 12h00, the whole country was mobilized to blow VUVUZELA's like mad, and in Gauteng, koTshwane/Pretoria, where I am right now and was in that hour, we just did that and more!!! I did it and we went on way past the five minutes we were requested to take time for, KBLOWING OUR THING, OUR NUVUZELA's, we dance and sang, I even drove my track with one hand and blowing with the other! Yes Vuvuzela is loud very loud, but if you have been in the stadium to watch a football match in South Africa, spare all the skeptics: Academics and Audiologists, you will learn a thing or two about Vuvuzela!!! They are fun and enjoyable, just join in and you will never be the same again, not in terms of the nonsense deafness the Audiologists are talking about, but fun, fun, and fun!!!

Well the players who might want to put in earplugs, should be encouraged to go on and put them on, I wish them good luck! But I wonder how are they going to communicate to each other and their benches, not to mention with the match official and the whistle, with the latter, this critical in the game??? One thing I know is that, THERE IS NO MATCH THAT WAS ABUNDONED BECAUSE OF THE NOISE OF THE VUVUZELA, AND THE PLAYERS AND THE OFFICIALS HAVE ALWAYS COMMUNICATED TO EACH OTHER WITH EASE, I HAVE SEEN IT, I WAS THERE!!!

Posted by Philani Nongogo on June 9,2010 | 08:22 AM



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