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Osage Oranges Take a Bough

The first shipment of botanical specimens sent to President Jefferson contained the seeds of thousands of miles of fences

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(Page 2 of 2)

I have the honour to be with sincere esteem Your Obt. Servt.

Meriwether Lewis

Capt. 1st U.S. Infty.


In his 1803 directive outlining his goals for the expedition, President Thomas Jefferson instructed Meriwether Lewis to record "the soil & face of the country, it's growth & vegetable productions, especially those not of the U.S. [and] the dates at which particular plants put forth or lose their flower, or leaf."

Lewis had been taught by his mother, a lay healer, about the medicinal properties of plants. And as part of his expedition preparations, Jefferson had sent him to Benjamin Smith Barton, a lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania and author of the first botany text published in the United States. Under Barton's tutelage, Lewis learned how to preserve and label flora. (He would bring back more than 200 plant specimens, which are preserved at the Lewis and Clark Herbarium at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia.)

In March 1804, while Lewis was in St. Louis attending the LouisianaTerritory transfer ceremonies, he sent Jefferson a shipment of botanical specimens, including live Osage apple cuttings (Maclura pomifera, now known as the Osage orange). Though they did not survive, some samples Lewis collected in 1807 did, and as Susan H. Munger writes in Common to This Country: Botanical Discoveries of Lewis and Clark, "trees growing in Philadelphia and at the University of Virginia are said to be direct descendants of the cuttings sent back by Lewis."

The Osage orange, which Lewis obtained from Pierre Chouteau, a former Indian agent, was probably the espedition's most significant botanical discovery. The plant's long thorns created a virtually impenetrable hedge, and later in the 19th century, many thousands of miles of these trees would be planted as frontier fencing. The fragrant tree held its popularity as a barrier until it was eclipsed by barbed wire in the 1880s.

Dear Sir,

St. Louis March 26th 1804.

I send you herewith inclosed, some slips of the Osages Plums, and Apples. I fear the season is too far advanced for their success. Had I earlyer learnt that these fruits were in the neighbourhood, they would have been forwarded at a more proper time....I obtained the cuttings, now sent you, from the garden of Mr. Peter Choteau, who resided the greater portion of his time for many years with the Osage nation....

The Osage Apple is a native of the interior of the continent of North America, and is perhaps a nondiscript production; the information I have obtained with respect to it is not so minute as I could wish, nor such as will enable me to discribe it in a satisfactory manner. Mr. Peter Coteau...obtained the young plants at the great Osage vilage from an Indian of that nation.... The general contour of this tree, is very much that of the black haw, common to most parts of the U. States....So much do the savages esteem the wood of this tree for the purpose of making their bows, that they travel many hundred miles in quest of it. The particulars with respect to the fruit, is taken principally from the Indian discription; my informant never having seen but one specimen of it, which was not fully ripe, and much shrivled and mutilated before he saw it. The Indians give an extravigant account of the exquisite odour of this fruit when it has obtained maturity, which takes place the latter end of summer, or the begining of Autumn. They state, that at this season they can always tell by the scent of the fruit when they arrive in the neighbourhood of the tree, and usually take advantage of this season to obtain the wood....An opinion prevails among the Osages, that the fruit is poisonous, tho' they acknowledge that they have never tasted it. They say that many anamals feed on it, and among others, a large species of Hare which abounds in that country. This fruit is the size of the largest orange, of a globular form, and a fine orange colour....

I have the honour to be with sincere esteem Your Obt. Servt.

Meriwether Lewis

Capt. 1st U.S. Infty.


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It occurs to me that fungal blights are unpredictable.Take the spread of Valley fever in the west emanating from disturbed earth.At one time they say our desert west was a great inland lake.I have purchased petrified palm wood from that period.The Chestnut tree might have evolved in the west, or in that greater continent, before its break up.The years 1870,1890,1930 were drought and tornado years, possibly blowing blight spores eastward,to the last stand of Chestnut trees. Meanwhile The Chestnut evolved differently in other climates.No one knows what is buried from the past waiting to be the next blight.Are the plagues of Medieval,or even aids sprung from past episodes,buried in the earth, from an earlier time.Are the genetics of mankind influenced by what the earth holds.If there is a possibility of this being so ,should we spend money to investigate the earth content,the ocean,and particularly the air we breath?

Posted by John Orlando on May 6,2013 | 11:42 AM

There is a question.The spread of Chestnut blight assumes Japanese plants.Those dispersed plants were identified by burlap wrapping. These burlap wrapping and clothing most likely came from Asia or England in the 20th century. Jute,and other crops have been victim of the fungus MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA recently genomed.Jute might carry another passenger unless it was purged.If India solves their fungal problem is anyone listening?Or more to the point,why am I writing this, while feeling totally unqualified?

Posted by John Orlando on April 12,2013 | 11:32 AM

Those having made large sums during the last 10 years by any source, must purchase ,up to 33 percent of their wealth, in saving bonds, that do not pay interest,and are not redeemable for 10 years.The money used to eliminate present interest bearing bonds.Then start voting in the best brains available,hopefully fully independent

Posted by John W Orlando on February 8,2013 | 05:11 PM

There are a couple of ideas that make sencse an must be said.Since the jet stream passing over China carried Cryphonectria spores and depositing here in rain for thousand of years,they suddenly became a problem. Second I do not know how much hypo virulent can be produced,or if it addresses all of the fungal variations,I suggest seeding the jet stream when rain can be forecast in the Appalachian and East coast area.I have in the past mentioned the role of H2O and calcium in bark splits.Is seeding with calcium feasible?I think the jet stream may play an increasing roll in our health.Is any one investigating it's possible usefulness?

Posted by John W Orlando on January 4,2013 | 02:20 PM

I made an error at 10,000 per week it should have been 2500 per week.

Posted by John Orlando on December 28,2012 | 09:35 AM

We are told that most probably Crytonectria came from China at about 1900 on Chinese Chestnuts.Our Chetnuts spred after the Ice age.Consider that the Jet Stream sweeps the air above China tracked at 8400 miles in one week ,for somethin like 15000 years.What changed, except our pollution and the lesions in tree bark due to CO2.Can we afford to pay dock workers 10,000 a week while we allow a bloated Government kick the can.

Posted by John Orlando on December 28,2012 | 08:43 AM

Seems humanity needs new direction.I wonder if those that hate enough to do such harm can ever be sorry for the the mistakes we all make.Then again we punish those with impunity when we disagree.We war on Moslems because some few have hurt us and then cause payback.We give ave-rise great tolerance.Union political power trumps individual effort.If you are athiest or agnostic demean those who differ.Unfortunately we soon are phased out of the equality of brotherhood.Can we look at every person and see a a human with dignity,just because he was born the same way with the same less than perfect being.Would it be possible this Christmas for the people of the world to do some work of penance,some reaching out from president to starving individuals.Could we start the world again trying to help,not hurt!

Posted by john orlando on December 16,2012 | 12:30 AM

I have a feeling that mud application to halt crythonectria involves bleach.Sea breeze salt NACL is so close to NACLO with the addition of moisture as in mud.The bodies of salt water it,s barrier.That and Co2 lesions on chestnut trees the main source of contamination.I suggest that plantings In the Chestnut Bay or other favorable islands would be beneficial if the Co2 in the soil were neutralized with calcium.I am not knowledgeable about these chemicals,only inquisitive.I note that bleach instructions preclude killing spores on wood because it is porous and does not reach the roots of mycelium.The moisture in mud solves this problem.I also advocate every effort to reduce automobile and heating pollution

Posted by john orlando on December 6,2012 | 09:55 AM

Of interest is the one chestnut tree in Plainfield and Long Hill NJ.Why did they survive? The only clue I haven is another question.Drive through the Plainfield,Scotch Plains, Fanwood area.Observe the many fine large trees of other species.Could be good government,or good soil.About my ideas on government!I question the sad greidlock of legal i creating strong groups who have their way at the expense of everybody

Posted by John Orlando on October 5,2012 | 04:08 PM

This one deserves attention.Do away with all unions except the union of parents!The president is selected by the parents for 2 years,without political parties,wealth,or the source of biased news.They set percentage wise the tax business must pay to support all communities,and governments by the numbers.The income of top men is limited to a percentage of profits.Replace Senate and Congress by 50 representatives selected by the states parents from the local representatives.Keep the constitution simple by total equal respect for each parent and offspring.Make it difficult to obtain citizenship.Look back to history to see what Franklin Roosevelt did to employ people and compare!I may be stupid but compare.

Posted by John Orlando on September 30,2012 | 06:05 PM

Rush for the sake of sanity!the world governments and UN must flatly declare that what ever one believes, is to be respected and beyond reproach or negative action,Such action as the current turmoil caused by the film and You Tube must be punished.Those responsible should be sent to Afghanistan for an unpleasant vacation.Those nations refusing to admit the equality of belief and non belief ,for respect and safety, shall be shunned as do the Amish.Those governments that rule without free consent of the people shall be shunned,Those political parties must treat opponents with respect.Political parties can only represent all the people.There cannot be government support for one segment against another.Rich people must distribute their wealth to the poor or be publicly shunned.The Governments should cut to one house of fifty members representing all the people.Only 55 singed our DOI.Journals and media must end bigotry.End unions and establish fair top to bottom wages.Consider no personal or property tax:tax only business and capitol gain.Consider free schools for every person of all faiths with government tax funds and charitable contributions,no smothering public school blackmail.I know what I said is fantasy,but to me it makes sense.Otherwise I am a cynic who sees only the present chaos escalating.Perhaps no one agrees: I am wrong: and this diatribe is futile,

Posted by John Orlando on September 16,2012 | 12:15 PM

Let.Consider that Cryphtonectria here all around. Let's propose it did originate in China.I wondered why the 1849 Chinese did not seem to be the source.Let's wonder why it took 50 years to cross the Atlantic despite lots of American visitors loaded with virus. Let's wonder why it took 80 years to reach Wisconsin ,even with plenty of East West travelers. What is the common barrier.I suggest the salty oceans and salty great lakes.The breezes might purify with salt.Has anyone compared mud baths with and without salt water.

Posted by John Orlando on September 10,2012 | 01:01 AM

I propose that Jefferson was wrong about separation of church and state,This is impossible without good will by all.No signs presently suggest this.I think the most outrageous examples of this can be seen in the dictators. The constitutions of all governments should lead with the respect by all in the beliefs of all being equal, providing they do not include violence or abuse,All government officials are for service for all without prejudice of party or personal agenda. Meeting places free to access by all citizens without proselytizing speeches should be established.They will be a place for two or more human being to meet.In other words,to believe in God or not!Beliefs are as personal as our blood,bones and skin.It will change for some by what he is a part of.No one can claim to be a superior being.We are all equal

Posted by John Orlando on September 6,2012 | 11:59 AM

Could auto"s have fender scoops with trapping filters and automatic seals below certain speeds trap pollutants?

Posted by John W Orlando on August 31,2012 | 09:56 AM

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