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Four for a Quarter

Photographer Nakki Goranin shows how the once ubiquitous photobooth captured the many faces of 20th-century America

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  • By Kenneth R. Fletcher
  • Smithsonian magazine, September 2008, Subscribe
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There are about 250 authentic chemical photobooths left in the United States (Reprinted from American Photobooth (c) Näkki Goranin. With permission of the publisher, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.)

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American Photobooth

by Nakkai Goranin
W.W. Norton, 2008

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  • Kenneth R. Fletcher on "Four for a Quarter"
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Nakki Goranin and I squeeze into a cramped photobooth in a Vermont shopping mall and practice our expressions. Goranin, a veteran, tries out some wacky poses, sticking her tongue out and squinting at the lens. I'm a bit more inhibited and, as the camera clicks off four shots, stick with a bemused smile. A minute later, the machine spits out a photo strip.

"I love them," says Goranin of the photos. "They're the real Nakki." Goranin, who lives in Burlington and has just published an illustrated history of the machine, American Photobooth, asks me to sign and date the back of the strip, just as she did in the late 1960s growing up in Chicago and sharing photobooth photos with her friends.

The routine is familiar to the generations of Americans who documented everyday moments by jumping inside a booth and popping a quarter into the slot. Still, Goranin doesn't much care for the mall's machine, which is digital—the print quality is not what it used to be. But, she says, there are only about 250 authentic chemical booths left in the United States, and she knows of none available to the public in Vermont.

As Goranin, a photographer and self-described romantic, sees it, photo strips tell the story of 20th-century American history from the ground up. The images in her new book, culled from thousands she has collected at auctions, flea markets and antiques stores, show down-at-the-heels farmers in overalls, wartime sweethearts and 1950s boys with greased hair and ducktails. She points out a photo of a World War II-era couple kissing passionately. "Day before he left," the notation reads.

Before the photobooth first appeared, in the 1920s, most portraits were made in studios. The new, inexpensive process made photography accessible to everyone. "For 25 cents people could go and get some memory of who they were, of a special occasion, of a first date, an anniversary, a graduation," Goranin says. "For many people, those were the only photos of themselves that they had."

Because there is no photographer to intimidate, photobooth subjects tend to be much less self-conscious. The result—a young boy embracing his mother or teenagers sneaking a first kiss—is often exceptionally intimate. "It's like a theater that's just you and the lens," Goranin says. "And you can be anyone you want to be."

Goranin's photobooth obsession began after her mother died in 1999. She needed to continue her photography, but couldn't focus on her work or bring herself to go back into the darkroom. Frequenting photobooths was the answer, she says. After a while, Goranin got the idea to publish her collection of self-portraits—now part of the permanent collection of the International Center for Photography in New York City—along with a brief history of the machine. But she was surprised by the dearth of information about the machine's origins or development; she set off from her cozy white Vermont house to see what she could discover for herself. That was nine years ago.

Goranin pored through microfilm of old newspapers. She drove back and forth across the United States and Canada interviewing anyone connected with the business that she could track down. When she telephoned the son of a long-dead early photobooth operator, she learned that only the day before, he had thrown away a trove of vintage photographs and business records. Goranin persuaded him to climb into a Dumpster to retrieve the items. Goranin even bought her own fully functioning 1960s-era photobooth and is now restoring two others that she also purchased.


Nakki Goranin and I squeeze into a cramped photobooth in a Vermont shopping mall and practice our expressions. Goranin, a veteran, tries out some wacky poses, sticking her tongue out and squinting at the lens. I'm a bit more inhibited and, as the camera clicks off four shots, stick with a bemused smile. A minute later, the machine spits out a photo strip.

"I love them," says Goranin of the photos. "They're the real Nakki." Goranin, who lives in Burlington and has just published an illustrated history of the machine, American Photobooth, asks me to sign and date the back of the strip, just as she did in the late 1960s growing up in Chicago and sharing photobooth photos with her friends.

The routine is familiar to the generations of Americans who documented everyday moments by jumping inside a booth and popping a quarter into the slot. Still, Goranin doesn't much care for the mall's machine, which is digital—the print quality is not what it used to be. But, she says, there are only about 250 authentic chemical booths left in the United States, and she knows of none available to the public in Vermont.

As Goranin, a photographer and self-described romantic, sees it, photo strips tell the story of 20th-century American history from the ground up. The images in her new book, culled from thousands she has collected at auctions, flea markets and antiques stores, show down-at-the-heels farmers in overalls, wartime sweethearts and 1950s boys with greased hair and ducktails. She points out a photo of a World War II-era couple kissing passionately. "Day before he left," the notation reads.

Before the photobooth first appeared, in the 1920s, most portraits were made in studios. The new, inexpensive process made photography accessible to everyone. "For 25 cents people could go and get some memory of who they were, of a special occasion, of a first date, an anniversary, a graduation," Goranin says. "For many people, those were the only photos of themselves that they had."

Because there is no photographer to intimidate, photobooth subjects tend to be much less self-conscious. The result—a young boy embracing his mother or teenagers sneaking a first kiss—is often exceptionally intimate. "It's like a theater that's just you and the lens," Goranin says. "And you can be anyone you want to be."

Goranin's photobooth obsession began after her mother died in 1999. She needed to continue her photography, but couldn't focus on her work or bring herself to go back into the darkroom. Frequenting photobooths was the answer, she says. After a while, Goranin got the idea to publish her collection of self-portraits—now part of the permanent collection of the International Center for Photography in New York City—along with a brief history of the machine. But she was surprised by the dearth of information about the machine's origins or development; she set off from her cozy white Vermont house to see what she could discover for herself. That was nine years ago.

Goranin pored through microfilm of old newspapers. She drove back and forth across the United States and Canada interviewing anyone connected with the business that she could track down. When she telephoned the son of a long-dead early photobooth operator, she learned that only the day before, he had thrown away a trove of vintage photographs and business records. Goranin persuaded him to climb into a Dumpster to retrieve the items. Goranin even bought her own fully functioning 1960s-era photobooth and is now restoring two others that she also purchased.

The history she eventually put together chronicles the rapid rise and remarkable longevity of the machine. In the 1920s, an enterprising Siberian immigrant named Anatol Josepho perfected a fully automated process that produced a positive image on paper, eliminating the need not only for negatives but for operators as well. His "Photomaton" studio, which opened in 1926 on Broadway in New York City, was an immediate hit. Crowds lined up to pay 25 cents for a strip of eight photos. Within a few years, photobooths could be found from Paris to Shanghai.

Even amid the worldwide depression of the 1930s, the photobooth continued to grow. Entrepreneurs who couldn't afford to buy the real thing built their own versions, some out of wood, then hid a photographer in the back who shot and developed the pictures and slipped them through a slot. The unsuspecting subjects were none the wiser.

By mid-century, photobooths were ubiquitous. Jack and Jackie Kennedy stepped into one in the 1950s. Yoko Ono and John Lennon included a reproduction strip with their 1969 recording, "Wedding Album." In the 1960s, Andy Warhol shuttled models with rolls of quarters from booth to booth in New York City. A 1965 Time magazine cover features Warhol's photobooth portraits of "Today's Teen-Agers."

These days digital photobooths, which became available in the 1990s, let users add novelty messages and backgrounds and delete and retake shots. Allen Weisberg, president of Apple Industries, which has manufactured digital booths since 2001, says digital photobooth sales continue to grow. "Photobooths have made a tremendous resurgence," he says. "It's like apple pie and baseball. It's part of our heritage." The digital booths are being used in new ways. Lately, a number of companies have popped up offering rentals of lightweight, portable photobooths for use at weddings and parties.

But Goranin and other purists long for the real McCoy with its distinctive smell, clanking machinery and the fraught anticipation that comes with waiting for the photos to appear. A Web site, Photobooth.net, documents the locations of a dwindling number of these mechanical dinosaurs.

"The old chemistry booths, which I love, are becoming harder and harder to find," says Goranin. "But the [digital] booth is still a fun experience. You still get great photos. You still have a wonderful time in them. You still have the old-fashioned curtains that you can draw and that sense of mystery." Goranin smiles. "There's nothing in the world like a photobooth."

Kenneth R. Fletcher last wrote about Richard Misrach's beach images.


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Comments (32)

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In the '70s my sisters and I used to take rolls of quarters and a bag full of props with us to the Santa Monica Pier in Los Angeles and shoot strip after strip of fifty-cent tales. There was a campy,ghastly murder by wrench, a girl who disappeared into her white hoodie, a flying dog (we borrowed a puppy for that one) and many other four-panel vignettes. Years later we shot one as a trio of Frida Kahlos, complete with faint mustaches and unibrows sketched on with eyebrow pencil. We still treasure our time spent squashed three in a booth, changing hats and passing a puppy overhead.

Posted by Shelley Handler on February 26,2012 | 03:13 AM

I have taken photo booth pics at least once every year since I was a child. I recently started a scrap book of all the photos and its amazing to see how I've changed over the years.

My long history with photo booths lead me to start my own photo booth company. Rock the Booth (http://rockthebooth.com) is Michigan's photo booth company. We have booths at events every week of the year and love to provide machines that make such precious memories for our clients.

Thanks for the great article. It helps remind me why we do this in the first place!

Posted by Tyson on April 1,2011 | 10:21 PM

I believe that the sailor on the left in the trio picture is that of my father. He was a sailor on the LeRay Wilson during WWII. He was a handsome devil until the day he died.

Posted by Barbara Ciesiel on August 24,2009 | 05:01 PM

I read your article yesterday and had the technician at the lab where I was getting my blood drawn to copy it for me. I have one memory that I see (I do not remember the time though) that my dad goofed off in a photobooth with me when I was about 4 or 5. He passed away in 2008 and I will always cherish his memory but you article brought back that memory of the picture so much that i had to look through all of his pictures to find it so I could laugh one more time. Thanks for a great article!

Posted by David Glorius on May 21,2009 | 09:48 AM

In the late 90's my son and I traveled to Florida, my home state. This would have been his first trip back to my old haunts since the 1970's. Most of my family was gone, so there was no one to see. I wanted to give him more of a feel from where I had come from, things I had encountered and seen in my youth. It was purely by coincidence that we discovered we had forgotten beach towels before leaving and had to detour to a former popular "Family Mart" where my sister and I had used to have our photos take in just such a photobooth. The experience was always a novilty for us, the shine never came off that particular penny. I was actually telling David, my son, as we were crossing the parking lot about that very machine. After we were inside, the booth soon slipped fogotten into the backs of our minds. We had towels to find and a beach to invade. At the checkout counter however I heard my son cry out. "Dad! Is that the picture machine?" I looked over where my son was pointing and sure enough, there it was, right where I remembered it. There was no way it still worked, I thought. But Dave was digging in my pocket already for two quarters, (I guess the price had gone up since I was his age). I came across those photos three days before reading this article. That was a great day for us. One out of several that were not so great, but then nothing is perfect forever. But I have proof that perfection exists, four tiny frames of a boy and his Dad on a sunny afternoon in Jacksonville, Fl at a pit stop on our way to the beach. We took a lot home with us from that trip and have returned several times since. We even stopped by the Fmaily Mart to but of course the machine was gone, later, the chain of stores would be gone too. But I have proof of perfection, that it was there one day and found purely by chance by a boy who had never seen a photobooth in his life and has probably never seen one since.

Mark McDonald, Atlanta Ga

Posted by Mark McDonald on April 20,2009 | 07:34 PM

I have vivid memories of being placed on a revolving seat in a photobooth when I was two (1928). I still have that series of eight pictures and also a set of my brother who was a year older. Mine starts out with a happy little girl who suddenly realizes that her mother is not there and then catches a sight of a very bright light out of the corner of her eye and doesn't like it at all. There are two views of a big pout and then the final three of a a full blown cry. In contrast my brother's set is a serious little boy taking it in stride with even a smile in one of the pictures.

I am sure that seeing the pictures kept the memory alive, but I have never forgotten how scary the light was.

Posted by Margaret G. Menges on April 10,2009 | 10:03 PM

Imagine my surprise when leafing through a copy of my mother's Smithsonian magazine, I came face to face with my father! I swore that the picture of the three sailors was of my father and two of his old Navy buddies! My mom couldn't seem to place him though. I've since copied the article to send to my brother to get his opinion. What a treat for me!! Thanks!

Posted by Gloria Flick on February 22,2009 | 05:35 PM

I remember photobooths back when (40s & 50s) and even stepped into maybe one or two. My interest is now peaked upon reading the article & I'll look for a strip that might still exist. However the thought which remains with me is that I always took them for granted and assumed them to be more Coney Island than main stream. Isn't it interesting how much more reverence we have for something that's gone (or almost gone)? Additionally photobooths are associated with my youth which, at this end, I would dearly like to revisit. Very good article; I will become a subscriber.

Posted by William Todd on February 5,2009 | 05:41 PM

As soon as I read your artical I had to get out my old photos and sure enough the memories came pouring back. It helps to see these little photos of a time when life was better. You see the handsome man I married 45 years ago is confined to a bed with Muscular Dystrophy and a number of other illnesses. He has all but forgotten our early years and lives in his childhood memories. It was nice to remember!!

Posted by Shirley Hanson on February 1,2009 | 02:26 PM

Ace Hotel in Portland OR has a Photobooth. Great Article

Posted by Stumptown on December 6,2008 | 06:54 PM

I found the Smithsonian magazine while waiting in the ER at the local hospital and tore the article out about the "photobooth". I just loved it!!!!! I had photos taken with my husband, mother and son. I'd love to share these photos with you so maybe you could put them in your next book. Thanks again for the GREAT story!!!!!

Posted by Virginia A Clemons on November 6,2008 | 09:07 PM

Thanks for the great article on the "photobooth". I had my daughter Rita send in my picture. It was of myself and my boyfriend when I was 17 and he was 25 and just out of the Air force. The picture was taken at Kings dancehall in Norfolk,NE. One might now raise eyebrows at the difference in age for us. But it seems it all worked out as we were married 2 years later and will be celebrating our 60th aniversary along with our 10 children.What a wonderful life we still have. Hopefully we will see that picture in a later issure of your great magazine. Thanks again, Ellen Anderson

Posted by Ellen Anderson on October 17,2008 | 10:48 AM

A friend of mine was reading your article and smiled,"If they only knew the beginning of the photo booth!" His dad invented it and had the copywright. He sold and shipped the booths out. They sold their pictures 4 for ten cents during the depression. They had a camera store in Salina,KS called "Smile-A-Minute Photo".

Posted by Ruth Hindman on October 13,2008 | 04:53 PM

I loved the photobooth story! One of my favorite photos of my Grandmother is of the two of us in a photbooth. It was taken the week of my first Christmas in 1973. She has these fabulous glasses with rhinestones and a huge proud smile saying to the world, or at least the camera "Look at this! Isn't she the most amazing baby! I am a Grandma!" I was too young to appreciate the camera, and look uncomfortable, in the grip of Grandma's arms, in a tiny booth with a woman I barely knew. Thankfully, I got to know my Grandma a lot more and had many more photos before she passed away 28 years later, but the joy in the photbooth shot will always be one of my favorites.

Posted by Julie Sisson on October 9,2008 | 05:19 AM

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