Breuer Chair, 1926

Marcel Breuer's Bauhaus minimalism redefined a household basic

  • By Owen Edwards
  • Smithsonian magazine, February 2008, Subscribe
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(Cheryl Carlin)

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To paraphrase the great comic-strip possum Pogo, "We have seen chairs, and they are us."

Unlike the practical table or the bland, beckoning bed, a chair is never simply a chair. Taking the shape of a person, chairs are the most metaphoric of humanity's furniture, imitating us when we are in them, echoing us when we are not.

Because of this, and also because chairs are everywhere (at least in the Western world), they became an imperative challenge for some of the greatest architects and designers of the 20th century, from Ludwig Mies van der Rohe to Charles and Ray Eames to Frank Gehry. Many of the most influential attempt to reinvent the chair were those made by Europeans associated with the Bauhaus school in Germany starting in the early 1920s. By combining bent metal with canvas, caning or leather, Bauhaus designers introduced chairs with lightness, strength and minimalism that echoed the 19th-century bentwood furniture of the Austrian and German Thonet company, even as they leapt into the industrial age.

Marcel Breuer, a Hungarian furniture maker and architect who studied at the Bauhaus and became one of its most important faculty members, was among the first to use tubular steel in chairs. An early Breuer design, the B5 chair from 1926, has recently been added to the collection of the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in New York City.

"This chair is an iconic design that has been on our furniture wish list for a long time," says Sarah Coffin, curator of decorative arts at the museum. "We like to tell the history of design by showing things as part of a continuum, and Breuer's work relates to bentwood furniture and industrial design."

Born in Pecs, Hungary, in 1902, Breuer is one of the founders of the Modernist movement, and his vision was central to the concept of merging form and function in the simplest way possible. The B5 is one of two revolutionary Breuer chairs that served as a dramatic antidote to the overstuffed seating of the Edwardian era and gave birth to a new way of seeing furniture. The other is the B3 armchair, created the year before; it came to be known as the Wassily Chair because the painter Wassily Kandinsky, also on the Bauhaus faculty, admired and owned one.

Both chairs—particularly the B5—have a spare elegance that epitomizes the clarity that Breuer and his associate Walter Gropius brought to their architecture. But since a chair requires less compromise than a building, the B5 is considered one of the most perfect expressions of modern design. It seems fresh after more than 80 years. Rob Forbes, founder of the furniture retailer Design Within Reach, describes it as "Shaker meets Bauhaus." "This is a great piece and one I picked for our first catalog," he says. "The B5 was very radical for its time, though now it seems so logical, both delicate and strong, with very happy, compact proportions."

Don Chadwick, co-designer of the ubiquitous Aeron office chair, agrees: "The side chair represents one of the first attempts to industrialize bent steel tubing as the support structure for the sling seating surfaces, very pure in its simplicity."


To paraphrase the great comic-strip possum Pogo, "We have seen chairs, and they are us."

Unlike the practical table or the bland, beckoning bed, a chair is never simply a chair. Taking the shape of a person, chairs are the most metaphoric of humanity's furniture, imitating us when we are in them, echoing us when we are not.

Because of this, and also because chairs are everywhere (at least in the Western world), they became an imperative challenge for some of the greatest architects and designers of the 20th century, from Ludwig Mies van der Rohe to Charles and Ray Eames to Frank Gehry. Many of the most influential attempt to reinvent the chair were those made by Europeans associated with the Bauhaus school in Germany starting in the early 1920s. By combining bent metal with canvas, caning or leather, Bauhaus designers introduced chairs with lightness, strength and minimalism that echoed the 19th-century bentwood furniture of the Austrian and German Thonet company, even as they leapt into the industrial age.

Marcel Breuer, a Hungarian furniture maker and architect who studied at the Bauhaus and became one of its most important faculty members, was among the first to use tubular steel in chairs. An early Breuer design, the B5 chair from 1926, has recently been added to the collection of the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in New York City.

"This chair is an iconic design that has been on our furniture wish list for a long time," says Sarah Coffin, curator of decorative arts at the museum. "We like to tell the history of design by showing things as part of a continuum, and Breuer's work relates to bentwood furniture and industrial design."

Born in Pecs, Hungary, in 1902, Breuer is one of the founders of the Modernist movement, and his vision was central to the concept of merging form and function in the simplest way possible. The B5 is one of two revolutionary Breuer chairs that served as a dramatic antidote to the overstuffed seating of the Edwardian era and gave birth to a new way of seeing furniture. The other is the B3 armchair, created the year before; it came to be known as the Wassily Chair because the painter Wassily Kandinsky, also on the Bauhaus faculty, admired and owned one.

Both chairs—particularly the B5—have a spare elegance that epitomizes the clarity that Breuer and his associate Walter Gropius brought to their architecture. But since a chair requires less compromise than a building, the B5 is considered one of the most perfect expressions of modern design. It seems fresh after more than 80 years. Rob Forbes, founder of the furniture retailer Design Within Reach, describes it as "Shaker meets Bauhaus." "This is a great piece and one I picked for our first catalog," he says. "The B5 was very radical for its time, though now it seems so logical, both delicate and strong, with very happy, compact proportions."

Don Chadwick, co-designer of the ubiquitous Aeron office chair, agrees: "The side chair represents one of the first attempts to industrialize bent steel tubing as the support structure for the sling seating surfaces, very pure in its simplicity."

Breuer's first bent metal designs were made with aluminum, the essential modern metal, but that proved both expensive and difficult to weld, so the designer soon switched to tubular steel. The example now at the Cooper-Hewitt, bought at auction in New York City last spring, was a rare find. "This is a vintage piece," Coffin says, "with chrome-plated steel tubing and the original paraffin-infused canvas fabric that Breuer used, known as Eisengarn [iron yarn]. The first chairs came in four colors: black, green, rust red and blue. This one was rust red but has mellowed with age to a shade of brown."

After Hitler came to power in the '30s, Breuer left Germany for England, where he continued to experiment with new materials—he designed his Long Chair in shaped laminated wood there—and then immigrated to the United States. He taught at Harvard with his friend Gropius, passing along the Modernist credo to Philip Johnson, among others. Breuer later designed houses and large urban buildings, such as the Unesco headquarters in Paris. He died in New York City in 1981 at age 79, but the B5 lives on, with exact replicas still being manufactured. In Germany.

Owen Edwards is a freelance writer and author of the book Elegant Solutions


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Comments (8)

I have an antique rocker blonde wood...with a caned back and seat ( seat is broken cane) Metal pieces on the handle screws say Heywood Bros and Co Gardner Ma 1873....Trying to find out the value, info etc....thanks!

Posted by Ruthanne on June 18,2011 | 04:01 PM

I too have a set of four Heywood Bros chairs, with front legs secured to frame with bolts having the same pressed or cast escutcheon "Heywood Bros & Co Gardner Mass Pat Jan 7 1873". Chairs were bought in Melbourne, Australia; they have woven cane infills on seat and back; they are a blonde wood and not wicker. I have been trying for some time to date them and find out more but with no luck. Given that Cyrus Wakefield died in 1873, could they (and these others which puzzle their owners) be 25 year commemorative pieces from 1900-1920 period? If anyone has more info I would love to know.

Posted by Rod Webster on December 16,2010 | 08:12 PM

I have a swivel chair with a remaining button showing "Heywood Bros. & Co. Gardner Mass. Pat. Jan 7 1873". It has scrolled bentwood arms, and caned back and seat and metal spring rocker. Several years ago I saw a picture of a very similar chair in the Treaty Room in the White House. I do not think it is there now. I would like to obtain casters as near the original as possible and would appreciate information as to this.

Posted by Steve L/ Huty on November 7,2010 | 08:34 PM

Have 6 stationary wood chairs with canned seats and backs stamped June 1881 all with "NJR" and then O14 25, D8 24, etc markings with the brass Roman Head madallions "Heywood Brothers, Gardner, Mass". Any information or where to send pictures would be appreciated.

Posted by Chuck Half on December 4,2009 | 07:53 AM

I have a platform rocking chair that has Heywood Bros. & Co. Pat. Jan7, 1873. This marking is on top of the bolt that conects the arm to the chair. It is in excelent shape. I recaned it with cane, it is a beautiful chair that I will enjoy, but would like to know more about it. I can't seem to find out much even over the internet. I hope you can help me out.

Posted by Cheryl Klingler on May 15,2009 | 04:50 PM

I have a chair designed as the Marcel Breuer B5 the only markings are on the underside of the seat 2/2000. I would like to know any information on it or where to look? Do Breuer chairs have specific markings for authenticity?

Posted by george williams on April 3,2009 | 09:32 AM

I have four stationary chairs with the same markings. Caned chairs with the brass madallions like the rocking chair listed above. Can't seam to find much information on them. Heywood Brothers seams to be primarily wicker and most reciently, Danish modern. Would you possibly have any information on these chairs or even know where to look? Thank You for any help!

Posted by Larry Watts on February 25,2008 | 08:39 PM

I have a chair that may be of interest to you. It is a Heywood Brothers and Co. chair patented on Jan 7 1873. It is a platform rocker with wonderful scrolled bentwood arms, cane seat and back and with an innovative dual metal spring rocker design. Two cast brass buttons show a Roman Head and say "Heywood Bros and Co Gardner Mass Pat Jan 7 1873" To me these buttons show the pride that the Company has in their new chair. I once had an article that this chair belonged in a group of the most "Innovative American Furniture" The chair is in perfect, solid operating condition. I would like information and I am perhaps interested in selling. Photos are available.

Posted by ARTHUR GNECCO on February 7,2008 | 07:04 AM



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