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The Measure of Genius: Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel at 500Explore more photos from the story |
In the spring of 1509, just two years after a mapmaker coined the word “America” in honor of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci, a fellow Florentine named Buonarotti was beginning to work on one of the defining masterpieces of Western Civilization. His first name—Michelangelo—would also reverberate through the ages. And, like many of the early transatlantic voyages of discovery, his ceiling frescoes in Rome’s Sistine Chapel had gotten off to a terrible start.
“He was working on the largest multi-figure compositions of the entire ceiling when the actual fresco plaster itself became infected by a kind of lime mold, which is like a great bloom of fungus,” says Andrew Graham-Dixon, chief art critic for London’s Sunday Telegraph. “So he had to chip the whole thing back to zero and start again. Eventually he sped up. He got better.”
However difficult the conditions—and even the challenge of painting at a height of 65 feet required considerable ingenuity, with scaffolds and platforms slotted into specially fashioned wall openings—by the time Michelangelo unveiled the work in 1512, he had succeeded in creating a transcendent work of genius, one which continues to inspire millions of pilgrims and tourists in Vatican City each year. The Sistine Chapel holds a central place in Christendom as the private chapel of the pope and the site of the papal enclave, where the College of Cardinals gathers to elect new popes. Thanks to Michelangelo, however, the chapel’s significance extends to all who have been inspired by the originality and power of his vision—both directly and indirectly, through its influence on subsequent artists and the iconography of world culture.
Graham-Dixon immersed himself in the paintings for some time and has now written a book for general readers, Michelangelo and the Sistine Chapel (Skyhorse Publishing), published to coincide with the work’s 500th anniversary. As he plumbed the details, he found more and more to admire and ponder.
Take The Creation of Adam, with its portrayal of God’s finger reaching to touch Adam’s —undoubtedly the most famous detail of all. It has been endlessly reproduced and copied; think, for instance, of the well-known poster for the movie E.T.
“Yet I found myself wondering, why did Michelangelo have God create Adam with a finger?” Graham-Dixon says. “In other representations, for example, if you look at Ghiberti’s doors in Florence, God raises up Adam with a gesture of his hand. And as I turned over various ideas and theories, I began to see it as the creation of the education of Adam, because that’s the symbolism of the finger. God writes on us with his finger, in certain traditions of theology. In the Jewish tradition, that’s how he writes the tablets of the Ten Commandments for Moses—he sort of lasers them with his finger. The finger is the conduit through which God’s intelligence, his ideas and his morality seep into Man. And if you look at that painting very closely, you see that God isn’t actually looking at Adam, he’s looking at his own finger, as if to channel his own instructions and thoughts through that finger.”
Graham-Dixon’s book takes up several controversies and myths surrounding the Sistine Chapel, such as the notion that Michelangelo painted the vault of the chapel lying down on his back; this is how he was portrayed, for instance, in the 1965 Hollywood film The Agony and the Ecstasy, based on Irving Stone’s historical novel. In fact, Michelangelo painted standing up, Graham-Dixon says, but was forced to crane his neck at a horrible angle for nearly four years, causing him painful spasms, cramps and headaches. “My beard toward Heaven, I feel the back of my brain upon my neck,” he wrote in a comical poem for a friend. “My loins have penetrated to my paunch…I’m not in a good place, and I’m no painter.”
He meant that literally. The 34-year-old Michelangelo was renowned for such statues as David and the Pietà, and he regarded his Sistine Chapel commission from Pope Julius II with the utmost suspicion. In fact he believed that enemies and rivals had concocted the idea in order to see him fail on a grand scale. “Michelangelo felt that God chose him to be a sculptor,” says Graham-Dixon, “so to be asked to paint—he didn’t consider that as serious a vocation. What he’d wanted to do, what he’d spent years of his life preparing to do, had spent eight months in the mountains of Carrara with two men and a donkey getting ready to do, was to create this great monumental tomb for Julius II.” A much smaller tomb was completed many years later.
For five centuries, people have spoken of Michelangelo’s masterworks as if they were a superhuman achievement. Yet the modern, democratic temperament reflexively seeks out the human side of heroes and celebrities, to experience their struggles and fallibility at close hand. Graham-Dixon suggests that this hankering for kinship and connection is not likely to be satisfied by the paintings of the Sistine Chapel.
“I have to say it is kind of superhuman,” he says. “I find the Sistine Chapel quite a daunting work of art. It’s not very accommodating to human beings, in many ways. It presents the image of God as a dream to which we aspire. It describes the dream of oneness with God as one from which we’ve all been expelled, and we can only get back to it with a great deal of prayer and hard work. There’s a sense, as well, I think—it’s only a sort of feeling I have, I can’t really justify it—but I have the feeling that Michelangelo felt he was far, far above the multitude of ordinary people. And not just physically, up on his platform, but morally as well. There is, of course, a humanity in it, but it’s a very, very hard one, and it can’t easily be turned into a nice picture.”
Not a nice picture, perhaps, but certainly one that inspires awe, in the truest sense.
Comments
I read The Smithsonian Magazine to practice English. However, this article about Michelangelo's Sixtinth Chapel really made me feel eager to learn about this painter's life and art.
Posted by humberto tamayo on April 14,2009 | 12:35 PM
The Smithsonian Magazines cover almost everythng. Where my passion in art fueled every time i read the SM.
Posted by Allan Lucero Gaballo on April 16,2009 | 11:47 PM
This article is a bit of a masterpiece in it's own right. The amount of historical context and anecdotal imagery made me feel like an observer of the time. Thank you Jamie Katz for sharing your gift. The reflections in this story made it seem more like a good sermon.
Posted by Rebecca Newell Briggs on April 21,2009 | 02:05 PM
Wonderful article!
I especially enjoyed Graham-Dixon's comments linking God's finger: "The finger is the conduit through which God’s intelligence, his ideas and his morality seep into Man. And if you look at that painting very closely, you see that God isn’t actually looking at Adam, he’s looking at his own finger, as if to channel his own instructions and thoughts through that finger.”
I haven't seen the Sistine Chapel since it was restored and would love to get back to Rome.
Posted by Diane Rooney on April 22,2009 | 05:19 PM
I found the aeticle vwry inspiring!
Posted by Dominic Muglia on April 22,2009 | 06:16 PM
My wife is a art historian and I thought she told me the touch of Adam was not from the christian god but from Mars.
Posted by kjmartin on April 22,2009 | 07:01 PM
I have seen the chapel restored. I find it amazing that a sculptor could do a work of such beauty. The finger says it all. I hope to go back again someday. Jamie's article is very good and now I am going to have to get Graham-Dixon's book to go into more depth. Thank-you
Posted by Michael Radelt on April 22,2009 | 08:57 PM
Seeing this on a Smithsonian tour, after hours and for our small group was something I will never forget. Of course, this was just the conclusion of the entire Vatican art tour.
Posted by Martin Gutowski on April 23,2009 | 07:23 AM
Your article takes almost all its information from the Graham-Dixon book that you cite. It would be a service to your readers (and the book's writer and publisher) if, in such cites, you would include a link to the publisher or other entity from which your readers could purchase the book cited.
Posted by S G Rivers on April 23,2009 | 01:41 PM
Very interesting. That Michaelangelo was something. He will never got out of style. I've been to the Vatican, so I did get to see his painting. What a smart man.
Posted by Roseann Sholanich on April 23,2009 | 04:32 PM
I find it inspiring and almost unbelievable that just one person ... Michaelangelo ... could create this magnificent masterpiece. It would thrill me to see it. I hope I may be so fortunate one day.
Posted by Lyn Reuter on April 24,2009 | 10:57 PM
Many thanks to readers for their kind comments about the article. And a note to S G Rivers: There is a link to Mr. Graham-Dixon's book immediately to the right of the story, under the heading "Related Books."
Posted by Jamie Katz on April 27,2009 | 05:29 PM
wow michel angelo is a great artist guys.
Posted by michel angelo on June 9,2009 | 05:45 PM
its not the sixtinth chapel... its the SISTINE chapel
Posted by optimus prime on January 28,2010 | 05:35 PM