Recording the Ju/'hoansi for Posterity
For 50 years, John Marshall documented one of Africa's last remaining hunter- gatherer tribes in more than 700 hours of film footage
- By Amanda Bensen
- Smithsonian magazine, November 2009, Subscribe
John Marshall began filming the Ju/'hoansi people in 1950. Later, he set up a foundation to help the tribe in its struggle for self-determination. © Presidents and Fellows Harvard University, Peabody Museum, 2001.29.421
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Video Gallery
The Ju/'Hoansi Tribe in Action
Over the course of 50 years, John Marshall filmed the African tribe, tracking how their nomadic culture slowly died out
The John Marshall Ju/'hoan Bushman Film and Video Collection, 1950-2000
Watch a selection from the Smithsonian Institution’s submission for the UNESCO Memory of the World Register of historic artifacts
The African giraffe stumbles to a halt, bewildered by the poisoned spears studding its breast and flanks. Moments later, it falls stiffly backward. The giraffe's slender legs point skyward, then swing sideways as it collapses in the desert dust.
The scene flashes to a Ju/'hoansi hunter, tearing into a joint of glistening red meat with his knife.
"Sorry, I should have warned you about that part—a little sad, isn't it?" says film archivist Karma Foley, 34, as she presses a button to pause the flickering images on the video monitor at the Smithsonian's Human Studies Film Archives (HSFA). Established in 1981, the archives are dedicated to collecting and preserving anthropological films—including John Marshall's footage of the Ju/'hoansi (zhun-twa-see) people, whom he considered a second family.
Marshall, who died at age 72 in 2005, meticulously documented, on film and video, the lives of the hunter-gatherers in northeast Namibia between 1950 and 2000. He donated more than 700 hours of his footage to the HSFA. Recently, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) added the Marshall archive to its Memory of the World Register—joining Anne Frank's diary, the Magna Carta and other watershed items. The Marshall archive, according to Unesco, is "one of the seminal visual anthropology projects of the 20th century."
Foley knew Marshall at the end of his career and helped him edit and produce a six-hour retrospective series, A Kalahari Family, released in 2002. "He could be difficult to work with because he demanded perfection, but it was easy to deal with that because you knew his heart was in the right place," she says.
Marshall was born into a wealthy New England family. His father, Laurence, was the founding president of the radar defense company Raytheon, and when he retired, he wanted to do something useful. So when anthropologists at Harvard's Peabody Museum told him that no one knew if the tribal people of Africa's Kalahari Desert still engaged in hunter-gatherering, he decided to find out.
In 1950, Laurence and his 18-year-old son, John, made their first trip to the South African territory that is now Namibia. After questioning local people through interpreters, they deduced a likely spot to find the Ju/'hoansi—a tribe of about 1,200 people who roamed freely over hundreds of miles within a northern region of the Kalahari called Nyae Nyae. The Ju/'hoansi plucked anything edible from the earth, sucked water from roots and occasionally feasted on wild animals. It was not an easy life. "We were owners of thirst and owners of hunger," Toma Tsamkxao, a Ju/'hoansi man who befriended John, says in one of the films.
The Marshalls, along with John's mother, Lorna, and sister, Elizabeth, returned the following year to conduct a full ethnographic study. John, who had no filmmaking experience, learned quickly. His father "handed John a 16-mm film camera and said, ‘You need to record everything we see, otherwise no one will believe us,'" says Foley.
John Marshall returned to Nyae Nyae many times over the next decade, camera always in hand. In 1958, as his films began to gain international attention, Marshall was banned from the region by the South African government, which likely saw his support for indigenous peoples as a challenge to its apartheid regime, Foley says. By the time Marshall was able to return, 20 years later, Tsamkxao and the rest of his people were living on a reservation. Their traditional way of life, which had lasted for millennia, was over.
"Looking back, I'm struck by how naive we all were about the future," Marshall says in A Kalahari Family. "Neither Toma's family nor my family was prepared for the speed and magnitude of the change to come."
Designating Marshall's work as part of the Memory of the World project is fitting, Foley says. "At one time all people lived by hunting and gathering. It's a shared human experience going all the way back."
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Related topics: Film-Making Hunting Archives 20th Century Africa Desert Towns and Villages
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Comments (5)
The Ju/'hoansi are one of many people have had to reconstructed their identity. It is a tragic story of what these people had to go through, but John Marshall made films that will tell the story of how one of the last hunter/gatherer tribes were forced to become modernized for generations to come. I am saddened and inspired by this footage and hope that it will inspire others to help those like the Ju/'hoansi, who need advocates.
Posted by Candace van Velzen on June 9,2010 | 12:58 AM
The words of writer, Amanda Bensen, for this article provide a deep insight into a people that most of the world does not even know exists. The story serves as a great advocate for the work of John Marshal and I now have a great interest in seeing the filmmaker's work after reading this story. Anyone who spent the greater part of 50 years within a culture should be able to show and tell a great story. It is great to learn of this fascinating society in which the world's ancestors prospered.
Posted by Sean Doerre on November 11,2009 | 10:37 AM
The Smithsonian story of the Kalahari filmed starting in 1950 in this month's magazine peaked my interest. How I wished I could have had that experience of the wandering tribe who characterize their existence as "Owners of thirst and the owners of hunger". To also have the honor to go to the web and actually see footage of the tribe as they hunted and traveled in South Africa before the removal of them to a reservation at least gives me a glimpse of what must be a moment forever lost in real time but now preserved for generations to come.
Posted by John T. Rochford on November 6,2009 | 11:53 PM
Most Americans know these people -- if at all -- only from the film comedy, "The Gods Must Be Crazy." But the real people of the Kalahari Desert are far more fascinating and tragic than the cartoon-like figures in that film. It's wonderful to hear that so much of Marshall's filming will be available to so many.
Posted by Diana Gainer on November 5,2009 | 04:17 PM
You should mention the two books by John's sister Elizabeth (Marshall Thomas)on these people, "The Old Way" and "The Harmless People". Both are classics, the former the way life is now in the Kalahari and the latter the way it was in 1950. Her insights into the lives of these people are just outstanding.
Posted by Don Pepper on November 5,2009 | 03:58 PM